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1. What is Spell Pen?
Spell pen counters resistance. For example, magic absorption gives 80 resistance to each school of magic. Therefore, you need 80 spen to counter a mage w/ MA. Not being spen capped causes you to miss out on a lot of damage. If you're just doing BGs, you can get away with less. You want to aim for 130 spen for totems and resist auras but most mages stop gemming for it after you get over 120. You get 35 spen from the back enchant (unless you're a tailor, in which case you should use lightweave). You have to gem for the rest. When gemming,the three gems you'll use are a blue - Stormy majestic zircon (25 spen), a green - Shattered eye of zul (10 haste/13 spen), and a purple - mysterious dreadstone (12 sp/13 spen). Mysterious dreadstone (12 sp/ 13 spen) is better than runed cardinal ruby (23 sp) in reds if you're not spen capped. Luckily, there are a lot of blue slots in pvp gear so 120+ spen is easy.
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2. Do I gear for Stamina?
No. Only healers tend to gear for stam in arena. You'll find that mages will tend to have the lowest hp but we have a lot of survivability, especially frost. All your stam, int, spirit, and resil should come from your gear. If you have 23-24k unbuffed in your pvp gear, you're pretty good.
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3. Resil - Is this a mage stat?
It's not just a mage stat. It's a pvp stat. Everyone has a different preference for the amount of resil on their gear. In general though, if you're wearing less than 600 resil, you will die quickly, especially this late in the expansion. My suggestion is to find the level of resil you feel comfortable with and then use the rest of your gear to buff up your offensive stats. In general, you want more resil in 5s and 3s than in 2s. It also varies depending on comp. For example, most mages in mage/ret comps wear more resil than in mage/lock or mage/priest as the mage is normally a better kill target in mage/ret. The more resil you can get from your pvp gear, the more pve pieces you can mix into your pvp set. For example, you'll see a lot of 1800+ mages with 900+ resil and 2pc t10 (normally from head, chest, or shoulders as they have the best offensive stats) since the t1 weapons open up a lot of gear combinations. The only slot where you're pretty much always see the same piece is gloves. The pushback reduction on poly from pvp gloves is amazing in arenas.
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4. What should I Gem for?
sp and haste once you're comfortable with your survivability. You need between 4-6% hit for pvp. 4% is the minimum. 6% is the racial hit cap. After that, hit only helps against specific class/race combination like BE rogues w/ heightened senses and is not worth gearing for. As long as you have 4%, how much more you need is personal preference.
Haste is a great pvp stat because it affects the GCD. It also lowers the cast time of all your spells instead of affecting only damage like sp does. Some mages gem for haste over sp but that's personal preference. How much haste you want is a matter of personal preference although I would suggest getting at least 600. I'm sure you know what spell power does. As of right now, most serious pvp mages have 3k+ unbuffed as frost. It's not that hard to get at the moment.
You gem just like in pve after you're spen capped. You can use rawr to help optimize your gear for pvp although it's not as good from a pvp standpoint. Set the mob level to 82 and the resists to 120 for arcane, fire, and frost. When optimizing, you can set it to only consider gear sets with your pvp trinket or to maintain specific amounts of haste or resil.
You didn't give much indication of your mage's gear other than you're using extra badges. If you're just starting out, you can buy furious w/ triumphs and relentless with frost. Aim for the 4 pc pvp bonus and then switch in pve pieces as you get better gear. The bad thing about the mage pvp set is that they give crit instead of haste. Buy the wrathful pieces of alacrity for honor for your offpieces. For trinkets, use your best dps trinket. If you're human, use two. In arena, you can get away with not using a pvp trinket in some comps if your dispels are good. If you need a pvp trinket, it's either the haste trinket from wg (titan forged rune of alacrity), the sp trinket from wg (titan forged rune of audacity), or the resil trinket for honor. That comes down to personal preference and what you need in your gear.
You didn't say what spec you pvp in but there are only 2 popular choices: 20/0/51 frost and 60/0/11 arcane. For frost, you go to DF in frost and get TTW and imp CS in arcane. For 60/0/11, you have a lot of freedom but most people avoid the mana talents in the arcane tree. You need slow, Abarr, and TTW. You go down to IV in the frost tree. Most mages pvp as frost and I'd recommend frost over arcane if you're serious about pvp. You trade damage for survivability, longevity, and control. Minor glyphs are always fire ward, frost ward, slow fall. Major Glyphs vary based on comp. If you're frost, take Ice Barrier. The other normal choices are evo (for 2s, 3s, bgs) and Poly (if your comp has any class that dots or bgs). You'll also see IV glyph a lot in lower brackets (2s and 3s), BGs, and duels. Mana gem is popular in 3s. For arcane, major glyphs are normally evo, poly, and mana gem. Again, you'll normally see some use IV glyph.
Easiest way to get used to pvp is find a 2s partner and jump in. Popular 2s comps are mage/rogue, mage/ disc priest, mage/lock (normally destro but aff has become more popular recently), mage/spriest and mage/ret. Mage/spriest and mage/ aff lock became more popular after the changes allowing haste to affect dots. In my experience, most people looking for arena partners will expect you to be frost unless you say otherwise so make sure you let your potential partners know if you're arcane. Both mage/disc and mage/ret work well for arcane. Good luck.
Edited for spelling.
Edited, Apr 3rd 2010 1:13pm by Isior